10/07/2026
Hornet Vespa crabro
The Queen European Hornet (Vespa crabro) was going into one of the bird nesting boxes. She was in there a long time, so I knew she was possibly making a nest. When I checked, she had already built 4 cells with eggs, so she had been active for 2 or 3 days. Because the box is right next to the shed and gate, and near where children play, I made the decision to dispatch her. Unlike bees, relocating wasps is extremely difficult.
The European Hornet (UK native) is our largest social wasp. Queens reach 35mm. They have a reddish-brown thorax and a yellow abdomen with black bands. Wasps are excellent pest controllers — they hunt caterpillars, flies, moths and other insects.
Only a queen wasp can eat solid food. The nest itself relies on the grubs regurgitating a sweet sugary substance known as honeydew, and it is this that the colony — and eventually the Queen — lives on. Wasps take insects back to the nest where the grubs eat them. Adult wasps have large mandibles to cut up larger insects, which they then take back to the nest for the grubs to eat. Adult wasps can only consume liquid as they lack the anatomy to eat solid food.
Wasps are very often thought of as aggressive, however they are usually almost passive unless the nest is disturbed or you swat at them. Colonies grow quickly and can reach many thousands. Nests are often made of paper (chewed wood) in cavities such as bird boxes, hollow trees, in the ground, sheds or sometimes in lofts. They are active day and night. If you find a wasp nest in a quiet spot, consider leaving them — they do far more good than harm. Wasps are rarely aggressive unless disturbed. They are great pest controllers as well as very effective pollinators.
Most queen wasps die from predators over the winter, and those that are disturbed or wake early often die as there is no food source. The queen is the only member of the colony to eat in the spring. Once she has produced grubs and those drones hatch, they feed the grubs which in turn secrete a sugar-rich substance (basically honeydew) that feeds the queen and all the workers. At the end of the season, or if the Queen is old, she stops producing eggs. The wasps then become more aggressive because they are on the lookout for sweet food before they die, and that is usually within a day or two. The last grubs to hatch are fertile queens and males. They mate on the wing, the males die, and the new queens seek shelter for winter. If they survive, they start nest building in spring and the process begins again.
Wasps don’t eat solid food themselves, so they don’t last long without going back to the nest to feed. If you are on the flightpath for workers foraging for food or collecting building materials to make or expand the nest, you need to disrupt the flight path. In cooler weather, keep doors and windows closed or use repellent scents.
The best repellent to deter wasps is citronella. If you have a bay tree, you can make a free repellent by placing a few handfuls of leaves in a liquidiser. Blitz them to release the oils but don’t overdo it. Place them somewhere the wind won’t blow them away. Or make a pouch from old window netting and hang it. You can also use any of the following: peppermint, spearmint, basil, eucalyptus, cloves, geranium, thyme and lemongrass.
As to whether it’s a hornet (Vespa crabro), our largest wasp, a good picture is the best way to identify it. The two most common species to see in a home or workplace are the Common Wasp (Vespula vulgaris) and the German Wasp (Vespula germanica). The Hornet can (but rarely does) make a ground nest and is usually very much at home in the corner of a dark barn or the hollow of a tree, usually somewhere high up. If you see wasps gathering nesting material or carrying grubs, you can watch the direction they fly off in to find the nest. Wasps do get a bad press and are rarely aggressive unless disturbed. We have over 9,000 species in the UK, ranging from minute ones right up to our large Hornet.
They are great pest controllers as well as very effective pollinators. Once she has produced grubs and those drones hatch, they divide into different working classes (yep, they do) — some cool the nest, some forage for food, some build and expand the nest. It’s the regurgitated honeydew that feeds the entire colony, so without the grubs the nest dies.
A myth that wasps don’t build in the same place. They can and do, but it’s usually to the side of an old nest or close by.
Wasps don’t eat solid food but do have the capability of cutting up large grubs. Food is taken back to the nest where the developing grubs eat the solid food and then regurgitate the waste (honeydew), a very sweet sugar substance, and it is this that all the wasps eat. At the end of the nest’s life (when the queen stops laying eggs) the nest very quickly dies as there is no food. This is when the workers from the nest go in search of a liquid feed. Sugary foods, pop and beer they can then be aggressive but soon die